Austronesian peoples

Austronesian people
Amis people of Taiwan performing a traditional tribal dance
Total population
c. 400 million
Regions with significant populations
 Indonesiac. 270 million (2020)[1][2]
 Philippinesc. 109.3 million (2020)[3]
 Madagascarc. 24 million (2016)[4]
 Malaysiac. 19.2 million (2017)[5]
 United Statesc. 4.7 million[6]
 Thailandc. 1.9 million[7]
 Papua New Guineac. 1.3 million[citation needed]
 East Timorc. 1.2 million (2015)[8]
 Vietnamc. 1.2 million (2019)[9]
 Fijic. 936,375 (2023)[10]
 New Zealandc. 855,000 (2006)[11][12]
 Singaporec. 576,300[13]
 Taiwanc. 575,067 (2020)[14]
 Solomon Islandsc. 478,000 (2005)[citation needed]
 Bruneic. 450,000 (2006)[15]
 Vanuatuc. 272,000 [16][17]
 Cambodiac. 249,000 (2011)[18]
 French Polynesiac. 230,000 (2017)[19][20]
 Samoac. 195,000 (2016)[21]
 Guamc. 150,000 (2010)[22]
 Hawaiic. 157,445 (2020)[23]
 Kiribatic. 119,940 (2020)[24]
 New Caledoniac. 106,000 (2019)[25][26]
 Federated States of Micronesiac. 102,000[16][17][27]
 Tongac. 100,000 (2016)[28]
 Surinamec. 93,000 (2017)[29]
 Marshall Islandsc. 72,000 (2015)[30]
 American Samoac. 55,000 (2010)[31]
 Sri Lankac. 40,189 (2012)[32]
 Australia
(Torres Strait Islands)
c. 38,700 (2016)[33]
 Myanmarc. 31,600 (2019)[34][35]
 Northern Mariana Islandsc. 19,000[36]
 Palauc. 16,500 (2011)[16][17][37]
 Wallis and Futunac. 11,600 (2018)[38]
 Nauruc. 11,200 (2011)[39]
 Tuvaluc. 11,200 (2012)[40][41]
 Cook Islandsc. 9,300 (2010)[42]
 Easter Island
(Rapa Nui)
c. 2,290 (2002)[43]
 Niuec. 1,937[16][17]
Languages
Austronesian languages
Religion
Various religions

The Austronesian peoples, sometimes referred to as Austronesian-speaking peoples,[44] are a large group of peoples in Taiwan, Maritime Southeast Asia, parts of Mainland Southeast Asia, Micronesia, coastal New Guinea, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar that speak Austronesian languages.[45][46] They also include indigenous ethnic minorities in Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Hainan, the Comoros, and the Torres Strait Islands.[45][47][48] The nations and territories predominantly populated by Austronesian-speaking peoples are sometimes known collectively as Austronesia.[49]

They originated from a prehistoric seaborne migration, known as the Austronesian expansion, from pre-Han Taiwan, circa 3000 to 1500 BCE. Austronesians reached the northernmost Philippines, specifically the Batanes Islands, by around 2200 BCE. They used sails some time before 2000 BCE.[50]: 144  In conjunction with their use of other maritime technologies (notably catamarans, outrigger boats, lashed-lug boats, and the crab claw sail), this enabled their rapid dispersal into the islands of the Indo-Pacific, culminating in the settlement of New Zealand c. 1250 CE.[51] During the initial part of the migrations, they encountered and assimilated (or were assimilated by) the Paleolithic populations that had migrated earlier into Maritime Southeast Asia and New Guinea. They reached as far as Easter Island to the east, Madagascar to the west,[52] and New Zealand to the south. At the furthest extent, they might have also reached the Americas.[53][54]

Aside from language, Austronesian peoples widely share cultural characteristics, including such traditions and technologies as tattooing, stilt houses, jade carving, wetland agriculture, and various rock art motifs. They also share domesticated plants and animals that were carried along with the migrations, including rice, bananas, coconuts, breadfruit, Dioscorea yams, taro, paper mulberry, chickens, pigs, and dogs.

  1. ^ "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  2. ^ Proyeksi penduduk Indonesia/Indonesia Population Projection 2010–2035 (PDF), Badan Pusat Statistik, 2013, ISBN 978-979-064-606-3, archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2020, retrieved 15 August 2016
  3. ^ "2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) Population Counts Declared Official by the President". Philippine Statistics Authority.
  4. ^ "Population, total". Data. World Bank Group. 2017. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  5. ^ "Malaysia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  6. ^ "2020 Census Demographic Profile". Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  7. ^ "Population movement in the Pacific: A perspective on future prospects". Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  8. ^ "2015 Census shows population growth moderating". Government of Timor-Leste. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  9. ^ General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2019). "Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). ISBN 978-604-75-1532-5.
  10. ^ "Fiji Today 2005 / 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
  11. ^ "Population movement in the Pacific: A perspective on future prospects". Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  12. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ About 13.5% of Singapore Residents are of Malay descent. In addition to these, many Chinese Singaporeans are also of mixed Austronesian descent. See also "Key Indicators of the Resident Population" (PDF). Singapore Department of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2007.
  14. ^ Ramzy, Austin (1 August 2016). "Taiwan's President Apologizes to Aborigines for Centuries of Injustice". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  15. ^ "Brunei". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. July 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  16. ^ a b c d "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  17. ^ a b c d "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  18. ^ Joshua Project. "Cham, Western in Cambodia". Joshua Project. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  19. ^ "La population légale au 17 août 2017: 275 918 habitants". ISPF. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
  20. ^ Most recent ethnic census, in 1988. "Frontières ethniques et redéfinition du cadre politique à Tahiti" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2011. Approximately 87.7% of the total population (275,918) are of unmixed or mixed Polynesian descent.
  21. ^ "Population & Demography Indicator Summary". Samoa Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  22. ^ "The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2010" (PDF). census.gov. US Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  23. ^ "2020 United States Census Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics". Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  24. ^ "Kiribati Stats at a Glance". Kiribati National Statistics Office. Ministry of Finance & Economic Development, Government of Kiribati. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  25. ^ "La Nouvelle-Calédonie compte 271 407 habitants en 2019". Institut de la statistique et des études économiques. ISEE. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  26. ^ "Recensement de la population en Nouvelle-Calédonie en 2009". insee.fr. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 17 January 202039.1% if the population are native Kanak{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  27. ^ Approximately 90.4% of the total population (113,131) is native Pacific Islander.
  28. ^ [1] Archived 27 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Tonga 2016 Census Results (11 November 2016).
  29. ^ "Suriname". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  30. ^ "Australia-Oceania: Marshall Islands". CIA The World Factbook. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  31. ^ "Census 2010 News | U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Population Counts for American Samoa". 2010 United States Census. census.gov. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  32. ^ "A2: Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012". Census of Population& Housing, 2011. Department of Census& Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  33. ^ "3238.0.55.001 – Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 31 August 2018. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  34. ^ Joshua Project. "Malay in Myanmar (Burma)". Joshua Project. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  35. ^ Joshua Project. "Moken, Salon in Myanmar (Burma)". Joshua Project. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  36. ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder – Results". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020. Approximately 34.9% of the total population (53,883) are native Pacific Islander
  37. ^ Approximately 92.2% of the total population (18,024) is of Austronesian descent.
  38. ^ INSEE. "Les populations légales de Wallis et Futuna en 2018". Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  39. ^ "National Report on Population ad Housing" (PDF). Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  40. ^ "Population of communities in Tuvalu". world-statistics.org. 11 April 2012. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  41. ^ "Population of communities in Tuvalu". Thomas Brinkhoff. 11 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  42. ^ "Australia-Oceania: Cook Islands". CIA The World Factbook. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  43. ^ "Rapa Nui IW 2019". IWGIA. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2020. Approximately 60% of the population of total population of Rapa Nui (3,765) is of native descent.
  44. ^ Cite error: The named reference solheimterm was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  45. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Bellwood2006 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  46. ^ Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Blench, Roger M.; Letellier, Thierry (21 January 2014). "Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (3): 936–941. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111..936P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1321860111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3903192. PMID 24395773.
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  48. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cheke2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  49. ^ Ku, Kun-Hui; Gibson, Thomas (3 July 2019). "Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in Austronesia". Anthropological Forum. 29 (3): 205–215. doi:10.1080/00664677.2019.1626216. S2CID 197705560.
  50. ^ Horridge, Adrian (2006). Bellwood, Peter (ed.). The Austronesians: historical and comparative perspectives. Canberra, ACT. ISBN 978-0-7315-2132-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  51. ^ Blust, Robert (14 January 2019). "The Austronesian Homeland and Dispersal". Annual Review of Linguistics. 5 (1): 417–434. doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-012440.
  52. ^ Pierron, Denis; Heiske, Margit; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Rakoto, Ignace; Rabetokotany, Nelly; Ravololomanga, Bodo; Rakotozafy, Lucien M.-A.; Rakotomalala, Mireille Mialy; Razafiarivony, Michel; Rasoarifetra, Bako; Raharijesy, Miakabola Andriamampianina (8 August 2017). "Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (32): E6498–E6506. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E6498P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704906114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5559028. PMID 28716916.
  53. ^ Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. 1994. Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press
  54. ^ Langdon, Robert. The Bamboo Raft as a Key to the Introduction of the Sweet Potato in Prehistoric Polynesia, The Journal of Pacific History, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2001